This material was originally developed as part of the Carleton College Teaching Activity Collection
through its collaboration with the SERC Pedagogic Service.
Initial Publication Date: August 10, 2007

Plotting Mineral Compositions, and Chemographic Projections

John Brady (Smith College) and Cam Davidson (Carleton College)

Minerals and rocks have chemical compositions that comprise some of the most important data for phase equilibria studies. Important relationships among rocks and minerals can be discovered or demonstrated by the construction of composition diagrams (also called chemographic diagrams) to display the data.

Two- and Three-component Systems


The system Fe-O. Figure from D. Perkins.

Two-component chemical systems can be plotted as compositions on a line. Three-component systems can be plotted on triangular diagrams. Traditionally, the ends of the line (or the corners of the triangle) are the components being considered, and dots show where different compositions plot.

For example, we can plot phases in the system Fe-O on a line. Then we can "pick off" possible reactions. Any two phases (for example wustite and hematite) can react to make one that plots between them (in this case, magnetite).


The system CaO-Al2O3-SiO2 with some phase compositions plotted. Figure from D. Perkins.
Two kinds of reactions can be "picked off" a triangular diagram: tie line flip reactions and terminal reactions, depending on the relative positions where the minerals plot. Figure from D. Perkins.

Three-component systems can be plotted on triangular diagrams with the corners representing the components (left figure).

Mass balance considerations allow us to predict the type of univariant reaction that is possible (right figure): either a "tie line flip" such that A + B = C + D or a "terminal" reaction where one phase (E) breaks down to three other phases (F, G, and H).

No other geometric arrangement of phasses (dots) can yield a reaction. It is impossible, for example, for a reaction to occur such as Qz + Wo = Gr + An (which is neither a tie line flip or terminal reaction) because neither Qz nor Wo contain aluminum whereas both Gr and An are aluminous--to replace a non-aluminous mineral assemblage with an aluminous assemblage would violate the laws of conservation of mass!

From the diagram on the far left, we can identify the following reactions (there are more):

  • Gr + Qz = An + Wo, a tie-line flip, and
  • An = Gr + Ky + Qz, a terminal reaction.
Note also that Qz, Ky and Co plot on a line in this ternary diagram, so there is a (degenerate) reaction (i.e. this particular reaction requires only two components, SiO2 and Al2O3):
  • Qz + Co = Ky

Systems With More Than Three Components & Chemographic Projections

If a system has more than three components, it cannot be plotted in two dimensions. Sometimes petrologists create 3-dimensional diagrams to show a four component system, but such diagrams are frequently hard to visualize.

AFM diagram with some common pelitic minerals plotted. Figure from D. Hirsch.

Most of the time, petrologists prefer to find some way to reduce the number of components to three so that triangular diagrams may be used. A number of approaches are used, all of which produce chemographic projections -- projections of many components onto 2-dimensional diagrams.

A typical metamorphic rock may have 8 or more important components. The trick is to find a way to project 8 (or more) compositional space onto a piece of paper and still have something meaningful.

Different purposes and different chemical systems require different kinds of projections. Commonly used chemographic projections include ACF, AKF, and AFM (example shown here) diagrams. For details about these and other ways to project mineral compositions, see standard text or some of the references listed below. Also, highly recommended is Steve Nelson's Triangular Plots in Metamorphic Petrology.

Compositions, Components, and Projections

For some purposes, graphing composition data is more meaningful if components are changed. Often, interpretation is facilitated by transforming the chemical components of the mineral or rock analysis (generally oxides of the elements) to new chemical components that are either plotting coordinates (the corners of the diagram) or the compositions of projection (or ignored) phases. This page provides links to several spreadsheet templates that can help with the plotting of data on chemographic projections.

Two Component Transformation

A two component example is provided here for demonstration and to show some of the unusual consequences of component selection for the system Fe-O.
Two Component Template (Excel 30kB Mar31 07)

Other Teaching Resources